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Introduction: When Drugs and Surgery Fail
1. Bartley J. Hyperventilation syndrome and nasal obstruction. American Journal of Rhinology 2006;
2. De Mello, Anthony. Sadhana - a way to God. Christian Exercises in Eastern Form. Doubleday New York 1978.
3. Gardner
WN. Diagnosis and organic causes of symptomatic hyperventilation. In:
Timmons BH and Ley R, Eds. Behavioural and psychological approaches to
breathing disorders. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
This chapter discusses some of the forces that drive disturbed breathing
patterns
1. Classen
C, Howes D, Synnott A. Aroma: the cultural history of smell. Routledge
London 1994. p 114
- marriage in the Desana tribe should only take place between people of
different odours
2. Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J. Does the newborn baby find the nipple by smell? Lancet 1994; 344: 989-90.
3. Hoy Suellen.
Chasing dirt: the American pursuit of cleanliness. Oxford University Press
New York 1995. p 17
- refers to the Irish use of Holy Water
4. Meredith M. Human Vomeronasal organ function: a critical review of best and worst cases. Chem Senses 2001; 26: 433-445.
5. McClintock
MK. Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature 1971; 229: 224-45.
- this was the first scientific paper documenting the long held observation
that women who lived in close proximity to each other often had synchronised
periods. In the book Sync by Steven Strogatz 2003 Hyperion, New York.
p37 he argues that menstrual synchrony allows bigger and healthier offspring
6. Stern K, McClintock MK. Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones. Nature 1998; 392; 177-179.
7. Glaser
G. The Nose. 2002 Astria Books New York.
- this is a very good general text that has a number of interesting chapters
covering the influence of smell in our lives
8. Grosser BI, Monti-Bloch, Jennings-White C, Berliner DL. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of androstadienone, a human pheromone. Psychoneuroimmunology 2000; 25: 289-299.
9. Spencer NA, McClintock MK, Sellergren SA, Bullivant S, Jacob S, Mennella JA. Social chemosignals from breastfeeding women increase sexual motivation. Horm Behav 2004; 46: 362-70.
10. McCoy
NL, Pitino L. Pheromonal influences on sociosexual behaviour in young
women. Physiol Behav 2002; 75: 367-75.
- evidence showing that artificial pheromones can increase a women's sexual
attractiveness to men. In Reference 7 there is mention of a similar pheromone
for men.
11. Wedekind C et al. MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans. Proc R Soc Lond 1995; 260: 245-249.
12. Jacob S, McClintock MK, Zelano B, Ober C. paternally inherited HLA alleles are associated with women's choice of male odour. Nat Genet 2002; 30: 175-9
13. Motluk
A. Women attracted to men who smell like dad. New Scientist 2002; 21 January.
- New Scientist regularly has articles on pheromones and smell
14. Grob B, Knapp LA, Martin RD, Anzenberger G. The major histocompatibility complex and mate choice: inbreeding avoidance and selection of good genes. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1998; 15: 119-29.
15. Ober C, Weitkamp LR, Cox N, Dytch H, Kostyu D, Elisas S. HLA and mate choice in humans. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61: 497
16. Jin K, Ho HN, Speed TP, Gill TJ3rd. Reproductive failure and the major histocompatibility complex. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 1456-67.
17. Manning CJ, Wakeland EK, Potts WK. Communal nesting patterns in mice implicate MHC genes in kin recognition. Nature 1992; 360: 581-3.
18. Herz RS, Eliassen J, Beland S, Souza T. Neuroimaging evidence for the emotional potency of odour-evoked memory. Neuropsychologica 2004; 42: 371-78.
19. Diego MA, Jones NA, Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Schandberg S, Kuhn C, McAdam V, Galamaga R, Galamaga M. Aromatherapy positively affects moods, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int J Neurosci 1998; 96: 217-24.
20. Hammer
KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and
other plant extracts. J Applied Microbiol 1999; 86: 985-990
- there is some scientific basis that a number of plant oils have antibacterial
properties
1. McLean PD. The Triune Brain in Evolution - role in paleocerebral functions. Plenum Press New York and London.1989
2. Le Doux
J. The Emotional Brain. Phoenix New York 2003
- this book is essential reading for anyone wanting a better understanding
of how emotions drive our lives
3. Packard V. The Hidden Persuaders. Simon and Schuster, New York 1957.
4. Monahan
JL, Murphy ST, Zajonc RB. Subliminal mere exposure: specific, general
and diffuse effects. Psychol Sci 2000; 11: 426-6.
- this is a fascinating study showing that although our conscious mind
may have not detected a stimulus our unconscious mind may have and created
behavioural change
5. Killgore
WDS, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Activation of the amygda and anterior cingulate
during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces. Neuroimage 2004;
21: 1215-1223.
- this is a similar study to the one above except the brain processing
can be can be demonstrated on MRI scans occurring in the emotional brain
while not reaching our consciousness
6. Bonke B, Schmitz PIM, Verhage F, Zwaveling A. Clinical study of so-called unconscious perception during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1986; 5: 957-964.
7. Ohman A, Soares JJ. On the automatic nature of phobic fear: conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli. J Abnorm Psychol 1993; 102: 121-321.
8. Le Doux JE, Sakaguchi A, Iwata J, Reis DJ. Interruption of projections from the medial geniculate body to an archi-neostriatal field disrupts the classical conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli in the rat. Neuroscience 1986; 17: 615-27.
9. Davis M. Analysis of aversive memories using the fear potentiated paradigm In: Butters N, Squire LR, eds The Neuropsychology of Memory 2nd ed New York NY: Guilford Press; 1992 quoted in Charney DS, Deutch AV, Krystal JH, Southwick AM, Davis M. Psychobiological mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 295-305.
10. Sapolsky
RM. Stress and Plasticity in the Limbic System. Neurochemical Research
2003; 28: 1735-1742.
- discusses the changes in the brain in response to stress
12. Bell
CC. Cultivating Resiliency in Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 2001;
29: 375-381.
- discusses the long term effects of stress on children. The effects persist
long after the stressful event has passed.
13. Wolpe
J. Panic disorder: a product of classical conditioning. Behavioural Research
and Therapy 1988; 26: 441-50.
- an interesting article discussing how unconscious triggers may set off
an anxiety attack
14. Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. N Eng J Med 1991; 29; 325: 606-612.
15. Kiecolt-Glaser
JK, MacGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R. Psychoimmunology: psychological influences
on immune function and health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
2002; 70: 537-547.
- this is a very good review article looking at psychological influences
on immune function
Chapter
3: Gaseous Matters
1. West JB. Respiratory physiology: the essentials. Lippincott, Williams
and Wilkins 6th edition 2000.
Chapter 5: Ventilation-Perfusion relationships explains why gas transfer
is so much more efficient in the lung bases.
2. Swift
AC, Campbell IT, McKown TM. Oronasal obstruction, lung volumes and arterial
oxygenation. Lancet 1988 ;1: 73-5.
- people forced to breathe through their noses after their jaws have been
wired have a 10% increase in arterial oxygenation. This had long been
the claim of Maurice Cottle one of the fathers of nasal surgery. The exact
explanation is still really unknown.
4. Rodenstein
DO, Stanescu DC. Oronasal obstruction, lung volumes and arterial oxygenation.
Lancet 1988; 1: 889-890.
- interesting discussion on Reference 2
5. Campbell
IT, Swift AC. Oropharyngeal obstruction, lung volumes and arterial oxygenation.
Lancet 1988; 1: 1458-9.
- interesting discussion on Reference 2
6. Lundberg JO, Settergren G, Gelinder S, Lundberg JM, Alving K, Weitzberg E. Inhalation of nasally derived nitric oxide modulates pulmonary function in humans. Act Physiol Scand 1996; 158: 343-7.
7. Coulter
HD. Anatomy of Hatha Yoga. A Manual for Students Teachers and Practitioners.
Body and Breath Honesdale PA 2001.
- Chapter 2: Breathing from this book is outstanding even for those who
are not the least bit interested in Yoga.
Chapter 4: The Carbon Dioxide Connection
1. Lum CC.
Hyperventilation syndromes: physiological considerations in clinical management.
In: Timmons BH and Ley R, Eds. Behavioural and psychological approaches
to reathing disorders. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
- the value of hyperventilation in the "fight or flight" response
2.Munschauer
FE, Mador MJ, Ahuja A, Jacobs L. Selective paralysis of voluntary but
not limbically influenced automatic respiration. Arch Neurol 1991 Nov
48(11) 1190-2.
- the limbic system has an independent influence over breathing
3. Plum F.
Breathing is controlled independently by voluntary, emotional and metabolically
related pathways. Arch Neurol 1992 May 49(5) 441
- the limbic system exerts an independent control over breathing. This
is often not mentioned in the respiratory physiology textbooks.
4. Staeubli
M, Bigger K, Kammer P, Rohner P, Rohner F, Staub PW. Mechanisms of the
haematological changes induced by hyperventilation. European Journal of
Applied Physiology, 1988; 58: 233-238.
- even though changes might occur in the white cell count this still does
not mean a person's immunity has been affected
5. Hornsveld
HK, Garssen B, Fieldeldij Dop MJC, van Spiegel PI, de Haes JCJM. Double
blind placebo controlled study of the hyperventilation provocation test
and the validity of the hyperventilation syndrome. Lancet 1996; 348: 154-8.
- although this article has been criticised it does throw into confusion
the diagnostic ability of the hyperventilation test.
6. Engel
GL, Ferris EB, Logan M. Hyperventilation: analysis of clinical symptomatology.
Annals of Internal Medicine.1947; 27: 683-704.
- this rather old article discusses the interaction between symptoms,
hyperventilation and blood glucose levels.
7. Fried
R, Grimaldi J. The Psychology and Physiology of Breathing: In Behavioral
Medicine, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. New York: Plenum Press,
1993.
- this book contains a wealth of information about hyperventilation and
hypocapnia
1. Hodges
PW, Heijnen I, Gandevia SC. Postural activity of the diaphragm is reduced
in humans when respiratory demand increases. Journal of Physiology 2001;
537: 999-1008.
- the more active the diaphragm the less it contributes to low back support.
2. Coulter
HD. Anatomy of Hatha Yoga A Manual for Students Teachers and Practitioners.
Body and Breath Honesdale PA 2001.
- in depth discussion on diaphragmatic movement
3. Hrsuka
RJ. Influences of Dysfunctional Respiratory Mechanics on Orofacial Pain.
Dental Clinics of North America 1997; 41: 211-227.
- starting to get a little dated but discusses the importance of abdominal
muscle tone on breathing
4. Robinson L, Fisher H, Knox J, Thomson G. The Official Body Control Pilates Manual. London McMillan 2000.
5. Kwon O-Y,
Jung D-Y, Kim Y, Cho S-H, Yi C-H. Effects of ankle exercise combined with
deep breathing on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein. Australian
Journal of Physiotherapy 2003; 49: 253-258.
- discusses the benefits of diaphragmatic breathing on venous blood circulation.
6. West JB.
Respiratory physiology: the essentials. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins
6th edition 2000 p 102
- quote on the energy efficiencies of diaphragmatic breathing
7. Naifeh
KH. Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System and the Autonomic
Nervous System. Chapter 1 in Behavioural and Psychological Approaches
to Breathing Disorders. Timmons BH, Ley R. Plenum Press New York 1994
- this reference claims that it takes only 2-3% of your bodies energy
requirements to breathe using your diaphragm
Chapter 6:
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
1. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. 2nd edition 1999 Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
2. Hrsuka
RJ. Influences of Dysfunctional Respiratory Mechanics on Orofacial Pain.
Dental Clinics of North America 1997; 41: 211-227.
- discusses the influence of breathing and posture on orofacial pain
3. Carlson
CR, Reid KI, Curran SL, Studts J, Okeson JP, Falace D Nit Bertrand PM.
Psychological and physiological features of masticatory muscle pain. Pain
1998; 76: 297-307.
- documents that people with jaw joint pain hyperventilate
4. Ferreira
PH, Ferreira ML, Hodges PW. Changes in recruitment of the abdominal muscles
in people with low back pain: ultrasound measurement of muscle activity.
Spine 2004; 29: 2560-6.
- documents the importance of the abdominal musculature in low back stability
1. Gershon
MD. The Second Brain. Harper Collins, New York 1998.
- most physiology books ignore the fact that the autonomic system has
three divisions
2. Stanescu
DC, Nemery B, Verityer C, Marechal C. Pattern of breathing and ventilatory
response to CO2 in subjects practising hatha-yoga. J Appl Physiolo 1981;
51: 1625-9.
- people practising yoga have reset their pCO2 receptors to a higher level
and these receptors are less sensitive to rising pCO2 levels
3. Papp LA,
Martinez JM, Klein DF, Ross D, Liebowitz MR, Fyer AJ, Hollander E, Gorman
JM. Arterial blood gas changes in panic disorder and lactate-induced panic.
Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 171-80.
- people with panic disorders have reset their pCO2 receptors to lower
levels and these receptors are more sensitive to rising pCO2 levels
4. Glaser JL, Brind JL, Vogelman JH, Eisner MJ, Dillbeck MC, Wallace RK, Chopra D, Oventreich N. Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. J Behav Med 1992; 15: 327-41.
5. Saaresranta T, Polo O. Hormones and Breathing. Chest 2002; 122: 2165-2182.
6. Damas-Mora J, Davies L, Taylor W, Jenner FA. Menstrual changes and symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 492-7.
7. Rapkin A. A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysmorphic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28 Suppl 3: 39-53.
8. Gorman
JM, Browne ST, Papp LA, Martinez J, Welkowitz L, Coplan JD, Goetz RR,
Kent J, Klein DF. Effect of antipanic treatment on response to carbon
dioxide. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42: 982-991.
- shows how serotonin levels influence carbon dioxide sensitivity
9. Birdsall TC. 5-hydroxytryptophan: a clinically effective serotonin precursor. Alternative Medicine Review 1998; 3: 271-280.
10. Schruers K, van Diest R, Overbeek T, Griez E. Acute L-5-hydroxytryptophan administration inhibits carbon dioxide induced panic in panic disorder patients. Psychiatry Research 2002; 113: 237-243.
11. Lumb
AB Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology Butterworth Heineman 2000 5th
edition Oxford.
- documents the breathing cycle. The three phases of the breathing cycle
appear to be neurologically programmed.
12. Rodenstein DO, Mercenier C, Stanescu DC. Influence of respiratory route on resting breathing pattern in humans. Am Rev Resp Dis 1985; 131: 163-166.
13. Cappo
B, Holmes D. Utility of prolonged respiratory exhalation for reducing
physiological and psychological arousal in non-threatening and threatening
situations. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28: 265-273.
- a prolonged expiratory phase can be shown to be relaxing. The paper
can be criticised on methodological grounds
14. Yasuma
F, Hayano J. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Why does the heartbeat synchronize
with respiratory rhythm? Chest 2004; 125: 683-690.
- the physiological benefits of RSA documented
15. Lehrer
PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B, Lu S-E, Scardella A, Siddique M, Habib RH.
Biofeedback for asthma. Chest 2004; 126: 352-361.
- improving RSA helps people with asthma. I have read where athletes have
uses RSA to monitor their training. A loss of RSA while training means
that they are overtraining. The website where I read this sells heart
monitors www.polar.fi
however I cannot find exactly on the website where I read this.
16. Childre
D, Martin H. The heart math solution. Harper Collins, San Francisco 1999.
- a book that discusses the benefits of RSA biofeedback on health.
17. Ballentine
R. Radical Healing. Three Rivers Press New York 1999
- reference to Maurice Cottle and breathing
- also reference to body cycles
18. Coulter HD. Anatomy of Hatha Yoga A Manual for Students Teachers and Practitioners. Body and Breath Honesdale PA 2001.
19. Shannahoff-Kalsa
DS, Boyle MR. The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on cognition.
Intern J Neuroscience 1991; 57: 239-249.
- reviews some of the evidence for the body's cycles
20. Louie K, Wilson MA. Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuron 2001; 29: 145-56.
21. Winson J The biology and function of rapid eye movement sleep. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1993; 3: 243-8.
22. Peterson ND, Henke PG, Hayes Z. Limbic system function and dream content in university students. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 14: 283-8.
Chapter 8: Muscle Considerations
1. Mense
S. and Simons D.G. Muscle Pain: Understanding its nature, diagnosis, and
treatment. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2001, Philadelphia.
- a very good basic text
2. Kellgren
JH. Observations on referred pain arising from muscle. Clin Sci 1938;
3: 175-190.
- initial work looking at referred muscle pain
3. Simons
DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons ' myofascial pain and
dysfunction: the trigger point manual 2nd edition 1999 Williams and Wilkins,
Philadelphia.
- a fundamental text in musculoskeletal medicine
4. Melzack R, Stillwell DM, Fox EJ. Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: correlations and implications. Pain 1977; 3: 23-31.
5. Clay JH, Pounds DM. Basic Clinical Massage Therapy - integrating anatomy and treatment. Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003 Philadelphia.
6. Kellgren JH. Deep pain sensibility. Lancet 1949; 1: 943-49.
7. Hrsuka RJ. Influences of Dysfunctional Respiratory Mechanics on Orofacial Pain. Dental Clinics of North America 1997; 41: 211-227.
Chapter 9:
Breathing Nutrition
1. Engel
GL, Ferris EB, Logan M. Hyperventilation: analysis of clinical symptomatology.
Annals of Internal Medicine. 1947; 27: 683-704.
- relationships between blood sugar levels and hyperventilation
2. Benton D, Ruffin MP, Lassel T, Nabb S, Messaoudi M, Vinoy S Des Lang V. The delivery rate of dietary carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in both rats and humans. Psychopharmacology(Berl) 2003; 166: 86-90.
3. Benton D, Nabb S. Carbohydrate, memory and mood. Nutr Rev 2003; 61: S61-7.
4. Brand-Miller J, Foster-Powell K, Colaguiri S. The New Glucose Revolution: the glycemic index solution for optimal health. Hodder 2003 Sydney
5. Bray GA,
Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high fructose corn syrup in beverages
may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 537-43.
.
6. Kodas E, Galineau L, Bodard S, Vancassel S, Guilloteau D, Bescard JC,
Chalon S. Serotonergic neurotransmission is affected by n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids in the rat. J Neurochem 2004; 89: 695-702.
7. Stoll AR. The Omega-3 Connection. Simon and Schuster New York 2001
8. Simopoulos AP, Robinson J. The Omega Diet: the lifesaving nutritional program based in the diet of the Island of Crete. Harper Collins New York 1999.
9. Brouwer IA, Kata MB, Zock Pl. Dietary alpha linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease but increased prostate cancer risk; a meta-analysis. J Nutr 2004; 134: 9191-922.
10. Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergic allergen specific immune response and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy. A randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 1178-1184.
11. Kew S, Mesa MD, Tricon S, Buckley R, Minihane AM Yaqoob P. Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on immune cell composition and function in health humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 67-681.
16. Mauskop
A, Fox B. What your doctor may not tell you about migraines. Warner Books
2001 New York.
- low intracellular magnesium levels in some migraine patients
19. Fried
R, Grimaldi J. The Psychology and Physiology of Breathing: In Behavioral
Medicine, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. New York: Plenum Press,
1993.
- low intracellular magnesium levels in epileptic patietns
20. Rassovsky Y, Hurliman E, Abrams K, Kushner MG. CO2 hypersensitivity in recently abstinent alcohol dependent individuals; a possible mechanism underlying the high risk for anxiety disorder among alcoholics. J Anxiety Disord 2004; 18: 159-76.
21. Monteiro MG, Schuckit MA, Irwin M. Subjective feelings of anxiety in young men after ethanol and diazepam infusions. 1990; 51: 12-16
22. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Jatlow PI. Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 233-243.
1. Killgore WDS, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces. Neuroimage 2004; 21: 1215-1223.
2. Haiken E. Venus Envy: a history of cosmetic surgery. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore 1997.
3. Brain DJ. The early history of rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 1993; 9: 81-8.
4. Brain DJ. Facial surgery during World War I. Facial Plast Surg 1993; 9: 157-64.
5. Walter C, Brain DJ. Jacques Joseph. Facial Plast Surg 1993; 9: 116-24.
6. Guy C, Guy RJ, Zook EG. Standards of photography. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984; 74: 145-6.
7. Sheen JH, Sheen AP. Aesthetic Rhinoplasty. CV Mosby Companry St. Louis 1987.
8. Tebbetts JB. Primary rhinoplasty: a new approach to the logic and the techniques. CV Mosby St. Louis 1998.
PUTTING THE PIECES TOGETHER
Chapter 11: Initiating change
1. Gardner WN. Diagnosis and organic causes of symptomatic hyperventilation. In: Timmons BH and Ley R, Eds. Behavioural and psychological approaches to breathing disorders. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
2. McEwan B. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 171-179
3. Holmes
TH, Rahe RH. The Social Readjustment Ratings Scale. J Psychosom Res 1967;
11: 213-8.
- this is a classic paper
4. Bell CC. Cultivating Resiliency in Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 2001; 29: 375-381.
5. Charney DS. Psychobiological mechanisms for resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 195-216.
6. Masten AS, Coatsworth JD. The development of competence in favorable and unfavourable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist 1998; 53: 205-220.
7. Darwin C. The Descent of Man 1871 quoted in Reference 8
8. Ridley M. The Origins of Virtue. Penguin New York 1996
9. Lee RB,
DeVore I. Man the Hunter. Aldine de Gruyter New York 1968.
- a fascinating book looking at tribal lifestyles particularly diet.
10. Rilling JK, Gutman, DA, Zeh TR, Pagnoni G, Berns GS, Kilts CD. A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron 2002 35; 395-405.
11. True WR, Rive J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, Nowak J. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 257-264
12. Kagan J. The role of parents in children's psychological development. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 164-167.
13. Weiss
JM, Simson PE. Neurochemical and electrophysiological events underlying
stress induced depression in the animal model. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988;
245: 425-40.
- a classic paper discussing how rats in control of terminating the electric
shock that they receive do not exhibit depressive behaviour
14. Bosma
H, Marmot M, Hemigway et al. Low job control and the risk of coronary
artery disease in Whitehall II (prospective cohort) study. Br Med J 1997;
314: 558-565.
- those people in control are less likely to get heart disease
15. Van Praag
H, Schinder AF, Christie BR, Toni N, Palmer TD, Gage FH. Functional neurogenesis
in the adult hippocampus. Nature 2002; 415: 1030-4.
- discusses how exercise can cause new brain cells to regenerate in the
limbic system
1. Prasad, S.A. & Hussey, J. Pediatric Respiratory Care. Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.
2. Lum LC. Hyperventilation: the tip of the iceberg. Journal of Psychomatic Research 1975; 19: 375-385.
3. Lum LC. Breathing exercises in the treatment of hyperventilation and chronic anxiety states. Chest, Heart and Stroke Journal 1977; 2: 6-11.
4. Innocenti D M. Hyperventilation. In Pryor J,Webber B(eds) Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, 1998.
5. Cluff R. Chronic hyperventilation and its treatment by physiotherapy. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1984; 77:855-862.
6. Bradley
D. Hyperventilation syndrome/breathing pattern disorders. Tandem Press,
Auckland, 1998
- a classic primer on hyperventilation
7. Singh J. Management of hyperventilation: How to cope with heavy breathers. Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Respiratory Care. 2001; 32: 50-55.
8. Lampasso JD,.Lampasso JG. Allergy, Nasal obstruction, and Occlusion. Seminars in Orthodontics. 2004; 10: 39-44.
9. Bluestone CD. The role of tonsils and adenoids in the obstruction of resiration. In: McNamara Jr JA (ed). Naso-Respiratory function and Craniofacial Growth. Monograph No.9 Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press,1979.
10. McNamara Ja Jr. influence of respiratory pattern on cranio-facial growth. Angle Orthod 1981; 51: 296-300.
11. Mertz
JS, McCaffrey TV, Kern EB. Role of the nasal airway in regulation of airway
resistance during hypercapnia and exercise. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
1984; 92: 302-307.
- shows that people who hyperventilate have congested noses
12. Luk CK, et al, Dulfano MJ. Effect of pH, viscosity and ionic strength changes on ciliary beating frequency of human bronchial implants. Clin Sci (Lond) 1983; 64: 449-51.
13. England RJA, Homer JJ, Knight LC, Ell SR. Nasal pH measurement: a reliable and repeatable parameter. Clin Otolaryngol 1999; 24: 67-68.
14. Fabricant ND. Significance of the pH of nasal secretions in situ. Arch Otolaryngol 1941; 33: 150-163.
15. Talbot AR, Herr TM, Parsons DS. Mucocillary clearance and buffered hypertonic saline solution. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 500-503.
16. Washington N, Steele RJC, Jackson SJ, Bush D, Mason J, Gill DA, Pitt K, Rawlins DA Determination of baseline nasal pH and the effect of intranasally administered buffers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2000; 198: 139-146.
17. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Applied Microbiol 1999; 86: 985-990.
18. Tisp B, Burns M, Kro D, Madison R, Herra J. Pursed Lip breathing using ear oximetry. Chest 1986; 90: 218-221.
19. Faling L. Controlled breathing techniques and chest physical therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Casabur R (ed) Principles and practices of pulmonary therapy. W B Saunders, 1995, Philadelphia.
20. Bradley, D. Clifton-Smith T. Breathe, Stretch and Move. Random House, 2005, Auckland
21. Clifton-Smith T. Breathe to Succeed in All Aspects of Your Life. Ringwood: Penguin New Zealand, 1999.
22. Holloway The Role of the Physiotherapist in the treatment of Hyperventilation. In B. H. Timmons & R. Ley (Eds.), Behavioural and psychological approaches to breathing disorders. 1994 New York: Plenum Press.
Chapter
13: Advanced Breathing Concepts:
1. Nicholls D. Upper limb function and hyperventilation syndrome: a clinical
phenomenon. Presentation for the advancement of international society
of applied respiratory pyschophysiology, 2001 Oxford .U.K.
2. Schleifer
L, Ley R, Spalding T. A hyperventilation theory of job stress and musculoskeletal
disorders. Am J Ind Med 2002; 41: 420-432.
- a paper showing that when we work at a desk we tend to hyperventilate
and adopt a poor posture
3. Peper E. The Role of Respiration during VDT Work: Implications for repetitive strain injury.
4. Coulter
HD. Anatomy of Hatha Yoga A Manual for Students Teachers and Practioners.
Body and Breath Honesdale PA 2001.
- discusses the influence of posture on breathing patterns
5. Bradley D, Clifton-SmithT. Breathing Works for Asthma. 2002 Tandem Press, Auckland.
6. Pearce DJ. Breathing and vocal dysfunction. In B. H. Timmons & R. Ley (Eds.), Behavioural and psychological approaches to breathing disorders. 1994 New York: Plenum Press.
7. Taggart, P., Carruthers, M., and Sommerville, W. Some effects of emotion on the normal and abnormal heart. Current Problems in Cardiology 1983; 7: 9-29.
8. Tanaka
H, Shirakawa S. Sleep health; lifestyle and mental health in the Japanese
elderly: ensuring sleep to promote a healthy brain and mind. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research 2004; 56: 465-477.
- fascinating article about the benefits of an afternoon rest and evening
exercise on health
9. Ley, R. Panic disorder and agrophobia: Fear of the fear or fear of the symptoms produced by hyperventilation? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1997; 18: 305-316.
10. Wolpe J, Rowan, VC. Panic disorder: A product of classical conditioning. Behavioral Research and Therapy 1988; 26: 441-450.
11. Bradley D. Hyperventilation Syndrome Tandem Press 3rd edition Auckland 2003.
12. Lum CC. Hyperventilation syndromes: physiological considerations in clinical management. In: Timmons BH and Ley R, Eds. Behavioural and psychological approaches to reathing disorders. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
13. Hough A. Physiotherapy in respiratory care. London: Stanley Thornes, 1996.
1. O'Sullivan,PB. Grahamslaw, KM, Kendell, MM., Lapenskie, SC, Moller,NE, Richards, KV. The effect of different standing and sitting postures on trunk muscle activity in a pain free population
2. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons ' myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual 2nd edition 1999 Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Nitzan DW. The process of lubrication impairment and its involvement in temperomandibular joint disc displacement: a theoretical concept. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59: 36-45.
4. Peper, E., The role of Respiration during VDT Work: Implications for repetitive Strain Injury.
5. Schleifer LM, Ley R, Spalding TW. A HyperventilationTheory of Job Stress and Musculoskeletal Disorders. Am J Ind med 2002; 41: 420-432.
Chapter 15:
Self-Massage Techniques
1. Hernandez-Reif M, Ironson G, Field T, Hurley J, Katz G, Diego M, Weiss S, Fletcher MA, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Burman I. Breast cancer patients have improved immune and neuroendocrine functions following massage therapy. J Psychosomatic Research. 2004; 57: 45-52.
2. Field TM. Massage Therapy. Med Clin North Am 2002; 86: 163-71.
3. Davies
C. The trigger point therapy workbook. New Harbinger Publications 2001
Oakland
- a practical self help workbook
4. Clay JH, Pounds DM. Basic Clinical Massage Therapy - integrating anatomy and treatment. Lipincott Williams and Wilkins 2003 Philadelphia
5. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons ' myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual 2nd edition 1999 Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
1. Witrouw E, Mahieu N, Danneels L, McNair P. Stretching and injury prevention: an obscure relationship. Sports Med 2004; 34: 443-9.
2. Goldspink G, Yang SY. Effects of activity on growth factor expression. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001; 11: S21-7.
3. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Riggler M: the effect of time and frequency of the static stretching on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical Therapy: 77; 1090-1997.
4. Coulter HD. Anatomy of Hatha Yoga A Manual for Students Teachers and Practitioners. Body and Breath Honesdale PA 2001.
5. Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA, Goldsmith CH, Kay T, Aker P, Bronfort G: Cervical Overview Group. A Cochrane review of manipulation and mobilization for mechanical neck disorders. Spine 2004; 29: 1541-8.
6. Hammill JM, Cook TM, Rosecrance JC. Effectiveness of a physical therapy regimen in the treatment of tension type headache. Headache 1996; 36: 149-53
7. Garfinkel M, Schmacher HR Jr. Yoga. Rheum Dis North Am. 2000; 26: 125-32.
8. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons ' myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual 2nd edition 1999 Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
1.Wang C, Collet JP, Lau J. The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 493-501.
2.Tsai JC, Wang WH, Chan P, Lin LJ, Wang CH, Tomlinson B, Hseih MH, Yang HY, Liu JC. The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2003; 9: 747-754.
3.Steptoe A, Butler N. Sports participation and emotional wellbeing in adolescents. Lancet 1996; 347: 1789-92.
4. Martinsen EW. Benefits of exercise of the treatment of depression. Sports Medicine 1990; 9: 380-389.
5. Running
and Breathing in Mammals. Science 1983; 219: 251-256.
6. Sinclair JD. Stitch: the side pain of athletes. NZ Med J 1951; 50:
607-12.
7. Shirley, D., Hodges, P., Eriksson, A.E.M., Gandevia, S.C. Spinal stiffness changes throughout the respiratory cycle. Journal of Applied Physiology 2003; 95: 1467-1475.
8. West JB.
Respiratory physiology: the essentials. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins
6th edition 2000.
9. Faulman et al. A comparison between lung function analysis and a rowing
performance test in elite and club standard rowers. Journal of Sports
Sciences 1996; 14, 81.
10. Steinacker
JM. Physiological aspects of training in rowing. International Journal
of Sports Medicine. 1993; 14(Suppl 1): 3-10.
11. Hopper D. Curtin University -the power of the breath used when challenging
the synergistic patterns of the neuromuscular stability system in elite
female rowers. Free paper& abstracts. Australian Conference of Science
and Medicine in Sport -1998
12. Strack B, Gevirtz RN, Sime W. Effect of heart rate variability biofeedback on batting performance in baseball. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 2005; 29: 299. The website www.heartmath.org also makes similar claims about improving your golf performance by improving respiratory sinus variability.
13. Nicholson J.A Course of Lessons on the Art of Deep Breathing Giving Physiological Exercises to Strengthen the Chest Lungs Stomach, Back. London. England: Health Culture Co. 1890
14. Caine MP, McConnell AK. The inspiratory muscles can be trained differently to increase strength or endurance using a pressure threshold inspiratory muscle training device.
15. Volianiti S. et al Inspiratory muscle training improves inspiratory muscle training (IMT) upon rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001; 33(5): 803-809.
16. Aaron EA, Seow KC, Johnson BD, Dempsey JA. Oxygen cost of exercise hyperpnoea: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 1818-1825.
THE PICTURES
Chapter 18: Asthma
1. Alexander
HL. A historical account of death from asthma. J Allergy 1963; 34 :
305-313.
- documents that death from asthma is a modern problem
2. Roe W. "Science" in the practice of Medicine: its limitations and dangers. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1984; 27: 386-93.
3. Speizer FE, Doll R, Heaf P. Observations on the recent increase in mortality from asthma. BMJ 1968; 1: 335-339.
4. Shrunk R, Mrazek D, Fuhrmann G et al. Physiological and psychological characteristics associated with deaths due to asthma in childhood. A case controlled study. JAMA 1985; 254: 1193-8.
5. McFadden ER, Lyons HA. Arterial blood gas tension in asthma N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 1027-1032.
6. Breslin
EH, Garoutee BC, Kohlman-Carrieri V, Celli BR. Correlations between dyspnoea,
diaphragm and sternomastoid recruitment during inspiratory resistance
training in normal subjects. Chest 1990; 98: 298-302.
- this is a critical article. The pattern of your breathing influences
the perception of breathlessness
7. Laidlaw
TM, Booth RJ, Large RG. The variability of Type I hypersensitivity reactions:
the importance of mood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1993; 38: 51-61.
- mood contributes to 50% of the variance in Type I allergic skin reactions
8. Kontos
H, Richardson DW, Raper AJ, Zubair-Ul-Hassan, Patterson JL. Mechanisms
of action of hypocapnic alkalosis on limb blood vessels in man and dog.
American Journal of Physiology 1972; 223: 1296-1307.
- hyperventilation causes increased histamine release in the body. There
have been no other studies duplicating these results.
9. Tache
Y, Perdue MH. Role of peripheral CRF signaling pathways in stress-related
alterations of gut motility and mucosal function. Neurogastoenterol Motil
2004 16 Suppl 1: 137-42.
- a stressed gut is a leaky gut
10. Brostoff J, Gamlin L. Food Allergies and Food Intolerance: the complete guide to their identification and treatment. Healing Art Press 2000
11. Thomas
M, McKinley RK, Freeman E, Foy C. Prevalence of dysfunctional breathing
in patients treated for asthma in primary care: cross sectional survey.
BMJ 2001; 322: 1098-100.
12. Howell JBL. The hyperventilaton syndrome: a syndrome under threat. Thorax 1997: 52(Supple 3) S30-S34.
13. Holloway
E, Ram F. Breathing exercises for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;
1 CD 001277.
- the evidence base for good breathing helping asthma is increasing
14. Lehrer
PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B, Lu S-E, Scardella A, Siddique M, Habib RH.
Biofeedback for asthma. Chest 2004; 126: 352-361.
- biofeedback to improve RSA improves asthma control
15. Bartley
J. Physiology, pseudoscience and Buteyko. NZ Med J 2004; 117: U754.
- a letter to the editor where I discuss the evidence for the Buteyko
technique
16. Osborne CA, O'Connnor BJ, Lewis A, Kanabar V, Gardner. Hyperventilation and asymptomatic chronic asthma. Thorax 2000; 55: 1016-1022.
1. Fried R, Grimaldi J. The Psychology and Physiology of Breathing: In Behavioral Medicine, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993.
2. Benson H. Decreased blood pressure in pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients who regularly elicited the relaxation response. Lancet 1974; 1: 289-291.
3. Glaser
JL, Brind JL, Vogelman JH, Eisner MJ, Dillbeck MC, Wallace RK, Chopra
D, Oventreich N. Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels
in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs.
J Behav Med 1992; 15: 327-41.
4. Yasuma F, Hayano J. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Why does the heartbeat
synchronize with respiratory rhythm? Chest 2004; 125: 683-690.
5. Watkins LL, Grossman P, Krishnan R, Sherwood A. Anxiety and vagal control of heart rate. Psychosomatic Medicine 1998; 60: 498-5
6. Da Silva
M, Newman H, Oakley K Psychosocial factors in inflammatory periodontal
disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1995; 22: 516-26.
- recent papers have documented an association between periodontal disease
and heart disease. "Stress" increases the incidence of both.
7. Van Dixhoorn J, Duivenvoorden HJ, Staal JA, Pool J, Verhage F. Cardiac events after myocardial infarction: possible effect of relaxation therapy. Eur Heart J 1987; 8: 1210-4
8. Van Dixhoorn JJ, Duivenvoorden HJ. Effect of relaxation therapy on cardiac events after myocardial infarction: a 5-year follow-up study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1999; 19: 178-85.
9. Bernardi L, Spadacini G, Bellwon J, Harjric R, Roskamm H, Frey AV. Effect of breathing rate on oxygen and exercise performance in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1998; 351: 1308-11.
10. Nixon PGF. An appraisal of Thomas Lewis's effort syndrome. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 1995; 89: 741-747.
11. Missri
JC, Alexander S. Hyperventilation syndrome - a brief review. JAMA 1978;
240: 2093-7.
- hyperventilation causes ECG abnormalities
12. De Guire S, Gervirtz R, Kawahara Y, Macguire W. Hyperventilation syndrome and the assessment of treatment for functional cardiac symptoms. American Journal of Cardiology 1992; 70: 673-677.
13. Bass
C, Cawley RH, Wade C, Gardner WN, Hutchison DC, Ryan K, Jackson G. Unexplained
breathlessness and psychiatric morbidity in patients with normal and abnormal
coronary arteries. Lancet 1983; 1: 605-609.
- hyperventilation mimics heart disease
14. Bass C, Gardner WN, Jackson G. Psychiatric and respiratory aspects of functional cardiovascular symptoms. In: Behavioural and Psychological Approaches to Breathing Disorders. Timmons BH, Ley R. Plenum Press New York 1994
15. Friedman M. Studies concerning the aetiology and pathogenesis of neurocirculatory asthenia IV. The respiratory manifestations of neurocirculatory asthenia. American Heart Journal 1945; 30: 557-566.
Chapter 20: Headache and Facial Pain
1. Olesen J. Clinical and pathophysiological observations in migraine and tension-type headache explained by integration of vascular, supraspinal and myofascial inputs. Pain 1991; 46: 125-132.
2. Cady R,
Schreiber C, Farmer K, Sheftell F. Primary headaches: a convergent hypothesis
Headache. 2002; 42: 204-16.
3. Henryk-Gutt R, Ress WL. Psychological aspects of migraine. J Psychosomatic Research 1973; 17: 141-153.
4. Selby G, Lance JW. Observations on 500 migraine and allied vascular headache J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 23; 1960: 23-32.
5. Davey G, Sedgwick P, Maier W, Visick G, Strachan DP, Anderson H. Association between migraine and asthma. Br J Gen Pract 2002; 52: 723-7.
6. Van Manen JG, Bindels PJ, IJzermans CJ, van der Zee JS, Bottema BJ, Schade E. Prevalence of comorbidity in patients with a chronic airways obstruction and controls over the age of 40. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 287-93.
7. Fried R, Grimaldi J. The Psychology and Physiology of Breathing: In Behavioral Medicine, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993.
8. Gibson GE, Pulsinelli W, Blass JP, Duffy TE. Brain dysfunction in mild to moderate hypoxia. Am J Med 1981: 70: 1247-54.
9. Katz IR. Is there a hypoxic affective syndrome? Psychosomatics 1982; 23: 846-853.
10. Saaresranta T, Polo O. Hormones and Breathing. Chest 2002; 122: 2165-2182.
11. Bic Z, Blix GG, Hopp HP, Leslie FM, Schell MJ. The influence of a low fat diet on incidence and severity of migraine headaches. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 1999; 8: 623-30.
12. Giffin NJ, Lipton RB, Silverstein SD et al. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Neurology 203; 60: 935-40.
13. Campbell
JK, Penzien DB, Wall EM. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Migraine Headache:
Behavioral and Physical Treatments http://www.aan.com
- the American Academy of Neurology Website states that there is a very
strong evidence base for the use of relaxation treatments for migraine
15. Carlson CR, Reid KI, Curran SL, Studts J, Okeson JP, Falace D Nit Bertrand PM. Psychological and physiological features of masticatory muscle pain. Pain 1998; 76: 297-307.
16. Zucker
A, Wiegand D. Freud, Fliess and the nasogenital reflex: Did a look into
the nose let us see the mind? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 98: 319-322.
- Freud has surgery for migraine
17. Kock-Henriksen N, Gammelgaard N, Hvidegaard T, Stoksted P. Chronic headache: the role of deformity of the nasal septum. BMJ 1984; 288: 434-5.
18. Schonsted-Madsen U, Stoksted P, Christensen PH, Kock-Henriksen N. Chronic headache related to nasal obstruction. J Laryngol Otol 1986; 100: 165-170.
19. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons' myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. 2nd edition 1999 Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
20. Bartsch T, Goadsy PJ. Increased responses in trigeminocervical nocioceptive neruons to cervical nociceptive nerosns to cervical input after stimulation of the dura mater. Brain 2003; 126; 1801-1813.
21. Bartsch T. Migraine and the neck; new insights from basic data. Curr Pain Headache Report 2005; 9: 191-6.
22. Matharu
M, Bartsch T, Ward N et al. Central neuromodulation in chronic migraine
patients with suboccipital stimulation: a PET study. Brain 2004; 127:
22-230.
These papers
20, 21 and 22 discuss how migraine has been shown to represent a hypersensitivity
of brain stem neurons
23. Sandor PS, DI Clemente L, Coppola G et al. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology 2005; 64: 713-5.
24. Schoenen J,Jacqy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology 1998; 50: 466-70. These last two papers suggest that cellular energetics have an important role in migraine.
Chapter 21: Depression and Anxiety
1. Han JN, Stegen K, Simkens K, Cauberghs M, Schepers R, Van den Bergh O, Clement J, Van de Woestijne KP. Unsteadiness of breathing in patients with hyperventilation syndrome and anxiety disorders. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 167-76.
2. Fried R, Grimaldi J. The Psychology and Physiology of Breathing: In Behavioral Medicine, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993.
3. Timmons BH. Introduction in Behavioural and Psychological Approaches to Breathing Disorders. Timmons BH, Ley R. Plenum Press New York 1994
4. Burns BH. Breathlessness in depression. Br J Psychiatry 1971; 119: 39-45.
5. Van Praag HM. Can stress cause depression? Progress in Neuropharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2004; 28: 891-907.
6. Charney DS. Psychobiological mechanisms for resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 195-216
7. Claes SJ. Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) in psychiatry: from stress to psychopathology. Ann Med 2004; 36: 50-61
8. Weiss JM, Simson PE. Neurochemical and electrophysiological events underlying stress induced depression in the animal model. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988; 245: 425-40.
9. Tache Y, Perdue MH. Role of peripheral CRF signaling pathways in stress-related alterations of gut motility and mucosal function Neurogastoenterol Motil 2004 16 Suppl 1: 137-42.
10. De Kloet ER. Hormones and the stressed brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1018: 1-15.
11. Sephton SE, Sapolsky RM, Kraemer HC, Spiegel D. Diurnal rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival. JNCI 2000; 92: 994-1000.
12. Modell S, Lauer CJ, Schreiber M, Huber J, Kreig JC, Holsboer F. Hormonal response pattern in the combined DEX-CRH test is stable over time in subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 253-262.
13. Brody CL, Haaga DA, Kirk L, Solomon A. experiences of anger in people who have recovered from depression and never-depressed people. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187: 400-5
14. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Keebler A, Nelson N, Friedman M, Brizendine L, Roberts E. Double-blind Treatment of major depression with Dehydroepiandrosterone. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 646-649.
15. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI. Treatment of depression with antiglucocorticoid drugs. Psychosomatic Medicine 1999; 61: 698-711.
16. Gaby AR Dehydroepiandrosterone; biological effects and clinical significance. Alternative Medicine Review 1996; 1: 60-69.
17. Celec P, Starka L. Dehydroepiandrosterone - is the fountain of youth drying out? Physio Res 2003; 52: 397-407.
18. Dhatariya KK, KS Nair Dehydroepiandrosterone: Is there a role for replacement? Mayo Clin Proce 2003; 78: 1257-1273.
19. Cappo B, Holmes D. Utility of prolonged respiratory exhalation for reducing physiological and psychological arousal in non-threatening and threatening situations. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28(4): 265-273
20. McCaul KD, Solomon S, Holmes DS. Effects of paced respiration and expectations on physiological and psychological responses to threat. J Pers Soc Psychol 1979; 37: 564-71.
21. Bonn JA, Readhead CP, Timmons BH. Enhanced adaptive behavioural response to agoraphobic patients pretreated with breathing retraining. Lancet 1984; 2: 665-9.
22. Klein MH, Greist JH, Gurman AS, Neimeyer RA, Lesser DP et al. A comparative study of group psychotherapy vs exercise treatments for depression. International Journal of Mental Healtlh 1985; 13: 148-177. Not in Phison
23. Glaser JL, Brind JL, Vogelman JH, Eisner MJ, Dillbeck MC, Wallace RK, Chopra D, Oventreich N. Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. J Behav Med 1992; 15: 327-41.
1. Vandeeras AP, Menenakou M, Papagiannoulis L. Emotional stress and craniomandibular function in children. Cranio 2001; 19: 123-9.
2. Curran SL, Sherman JJ, Cunningham LL, Okeson JP, Reid KI, Carlson CR. Physical and sexual abuse among orofacial pain patients: linkages with pain and psychologic distress. J Orofac Pain 1995; 9: 340-6.
3. Carlson
CR, Reid KI, Curran SL, Studts J, Okeson JP, Falace D, Nit Bertrand PM.
Psychological and physiological features of masticatory muscle pain. Pain
1998; 76: 297-307.
- people with jaw joint pain by definition hyperventilate; they have lower
end tidal pCO2 levels that a control group
4. Okeson
JP. Bell's Orofacial Pains. Carol Stream 1995 Quintessence Publishing
Co, Inc.
- the dental bible that review orofacial pain. It is a little dated now
with respect to migraine and cluster headache
5. Nitzan
DW. The process of lubrication impairment and its involvement in temporomandibular
joint disc displacement: a theoretical concept. J Oral Maxillofac Surg
2001; 59: 36-45.
- the definitive article suggesting that excessive pressures on the jaw
joint lead to an impairment of joint lubrication
6. Kaneyama
K, Segami N, Nishimura N, Suzuki T, Sato J. Importance of proinflmatory
cytokines in synovial fluid from 121 joints with temperomandibular disorders.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 40: 418-23.
- further evidence supporting Nitzan DW.
7. Thomson
H. Mandibular dysfunction syndrome. British Medical Journal 1971; 130:
187-193
- an interesting review questioning much of the dogma surrounding jaw
joint dysfunction.
8. De Leeuw
R, Boering G, Stegenga B, de Bont LGM. Temperomandibular joint osteoarthritis;
clinical and radiographic characteristics 30 years after non surgical
treatment. A preliminary report. J Craniomand Pract 1993; 11: 115-24.
- the long term prognosis is for most jaw joint problems is for them to
get better by themselves
Appendix A: Acid/ base balance
1. Schott
HC, Hinchcliff KW. Treatments affecting fluid and electrolyte status during
exercise. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998; 14: 175-204.
- injecting horses with bicarbonate making them alkalotic improves their
performance
2: McNaughton
L, Dalton B, Palmer G. Sodium bicarbonate can be used as an ergonomic
aid in high intensity competitive cycle ergometry of 1 hour duration.
European Journal of applied Physiology 1999; 80: 64-69.
- injecting athletes with bicarbonate also appears to improve athletic
performance
3. Nixon
PGF. An appraisal of Thomas Lewis's effort syndrome. Q J Med 1995; 88:
741-747.
- an interesting discussion about the contribution of bicarbonate to fatigue
Appendix B: Central Sensitisation
1. Villanueva
L, Dickenson AH, Ollat H (Eds). The pain system in normal and pathological
states: a primer for clinicians. Progress in Pain Research and Management.
Volume 31. IASP Press, 2004.
- this book represents a good review of the issues of central sensitisation.
2. Harris
AJ. Cortical origin of pathological pain. Lancet 1999; 354: 1644-46.
- a primer looking at how a visual proprioceptive mismatch can set up
pain pathways in the somatosensory cortex